InfoSky

Authors

• Michael Granitzer
  
• Wolfgang Kienreich
  
• Keith Andrews
  
• Vedran Sabol
  
• Werner Klieber
  

Short description

The InfoSky visual explorer is a system enabling users to interactively explore large, hierarchically structured document collections. Similar to a real-world telescope, InfoSky employs a planar graphical representation with variable magnification. Documents of similar content are placed close to each other and displayed as stars, while collections of documents at a particular level in the hierarchy are visualised as bounding polygons. Usability testing of an early prototype implementation of InfoSky revealed several design issues which prevented users from fully exploiting the power of the visual metaphor. Evaluation results have been incorporated into an advanced prototype, and another usability test has been conducted. A comparison of test results demonstrates enhanced system performance and points out promising directions for further work.

[Granitzer et al., 2004]

Navigation through InfoSky (Current Version)

• Selecting a collection: Left-clicking a collection label selects the collection and auto-centres it.
• Selecting a document: Left-clicking an individual star selects the corresponding document and auto-centres it.
• Selecting the parent collection: A toolbar button allows to place the focus on the parent collection. The viewport is zoomed out to display the collection.
• Continuous hierarchical zoom: After selecting a collection, zooming in on the visualisation continuously selects deeper hierarchical levels based on magnification and position.
• Panning: Dragging with the left mouse button pans the viewport. Collections are auto selected based on magnification and position.
• Zooming: Using the mouse-wheel, the magnification factor of the display can be adjusted.

Algorithms used for Implementation

1. Force-directed Placement Algorithm
2. Geometric Transformation
3. Area Partition

Suitable Datatypes

Suitable Datatypes for this information visualization technique are hierarchical information structures. The goal of InfoSky is to reduce the complexity of large amounts of text-data (for examples collections of newspaper articles) by presenting it through the metapher of a telescope view in a hierarchically structured form. Text-data can be either Word documents, PDF or HTML files.

Figures

Pictures of the InfoSky Browser 2002

InfoSky

Reengineered InfoSky Browser 2004

InfoSky

Important Citations

Main challenges of Infosky:

Hierarchy plus similarity: Represent both the hierarchical organisation of documents and inter-document similarity within a single, consistent visualisation.

[Granitzer et al., 2004]

Focus plus context: Integrate both a global and a local view of the information space into one seamless visualisation.

[Granitzer et al., 2004]

Stability: Use a stable metaphor which promotes visual recall and recognition of features. The visualisation should remain largely unchanged at a global level even if changes occur to the underlying document repository on a local level.

[Granitzer et al., 2004]

Unified frame of reference: Support a single, consistent view of the document space for all users, regardless of the access rights of each individual user, thus providing a common frame of reference for all parties.

[Granitzer et al., 2004]

Exploration: Provide simple, intuitive facilities to browse and search the repository. The visualisation tool should allow the visualisation to display a maximum number of document properties and relationships without any need for user interaction. It should thus offer a means of locating documents without specifying a query, by simply browsing the information space and displaying information within its context.

[ Granitzer et al., 2004]

Scalability: Visualise very large (hundreds of thousands, if not millions of entities), hierarchically structured document repositories.

[Granitzer et al., 2004]

Evaluation

Initial Study 2002

The goal of the first prototype in 2002 was to compare the InfoSky tree browser, wich is quite similar to usual tree browsers like Microsoft Explorer, to the InfoSky telescope browser. Test persons had to perform several tasks, where they used either the tree browser or the telescope browser. The time to complete a task was measured and the test results showed that people could achieve better results with the more familiar tree browser than the telescope view. For that reason the first InfoSky consisted of two seperate windows, the tree browser on the left side and the telescope browser on the right (see figures). Test persons were also interviewed and the findings of this baseline evaluation have been taken into account, and an extensive redesign phase, followed by another user test has been laid out.

Study in 2004

Tested User Interface

The interface of the tested prototype was divided into three distinct areas, the tree view (top-left), the galaxy view (top-right) and the list view (bottom). Combinations of tree and galaxy view were tested in the experiment, with the list view remaining in place.

Changes derived from the initial study

• a list of documents in the selected collection was added
• layouting of labels in the galaxy view was revised to minimize cluttering
• interactions were optimized based on user feedback received during the initial study

Test Setup

Nine employees of the Know-Center were recruited for the study and divided randomly into three groups of three. Users of the first group began with the telescope browser (condition GV), then used the tree view (condition TV), and finally the mixed view (condition MV) displaying both the tree and the telescope view . The other two groups used alternating ordering of test conditions. Before using the telescope browser (either stand-alone or in conjunction with the tree view), users were given a brief training on the browser’s features.
The test dataset consisted of 80000 newspaper articles from the German Sueddeutsche Zeitung. Tasks included locating a document or collection within the hierarchy, counting the number of documents in a collection, comparing the number of items in different collections and counting the number of similar documents in a collection.
At the end of each test, an interview was conducted with the test user to gain additional feedback. The entire session was videotaped.

Interpretation of Results

• A combination of the tree browser and the galaxy browser (mixed mode) yields significantly better results than the use of the galaxy browser alone.
• While not directly comparable, the difference between mixed mode and the tree view in stand-alone mode approach the difference between the telescope view and the tree view found in the initial evaluation.
• When using the tree browser in stand-alone mode, users reported seven time-outs, indicating that they could not solve a given task at all (in reasonable time), while only four time- outs occurred when using the combination of tree and telescope view. It is interesting to note that most users reported time-outs when they got completely lost in the hierarchy and were unable to find a promising path of navigation towards a desired destination. Obviously, the telescope view is useful for comprehending the overall structure of the collection hierarchy and the current position in context.
• In both stand-alone views, about half of all time-outs occurred in task 2, which asked users to locate an item deep in the hierarchy by navigation. However, in mixed mode view only one user reported a time-out for task 2. This further underlines the importance of having both views to keep an overview.
• The labelling problems (i.e. “jumping” labels, overlaps, occlusion) reported in the initial evaluation were rarely mentioned by users in the interviews.

Related Work

Approaches Based on Inter-Document Similarity

• The Bead system
  • [Chalmers , 1993] Matthew Chalmers. Using a landscape metaphor to represent a corpus of documents. In Spatial Information Theory, Proc. COSIT’93, pages 377–390 (Boston, Massachusetts, September 1993), Springer LNCS 716. http://www.dcs.gla.ac.uk/~matthew/papers/ecsit93.pdf, 1993.
• Galaxy Of News
  • [Rennison , 1994] Earl Rennison. Galaxy of news: An approach to visualizing and understanding expansive news landscapes. In Proc. UIST’94, pages 3–12 (Marina del Rey, California, November 1994), ACM. http://www.acm.org/pubs/citations/proceedings/uist/192426/p3-rennison, 1994.
• SPIRE
  • [Thomas et al. , 2001] Jim Thomas, Paula Cowley, Olga Kuchar, Lucy Nowell, Judi Thomson, and Pak Chung Wong. Discovering knowledge through visual analysis. Journal of Universal Computer Science, 7(6):517–529, 2001.
  • [Wise , 1999] James A. Wise. The ecological approach to text visualization. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 50(9):814–835, July 1999. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/66001476/ABSTRACT, 1999.
• WEBSOM
  • Websom - self-organizing maps for internet exploration. Helsinki University of Technology, 2000.

[13] .

Approaches Based on Hierarchical Structure

• Hyperbolic Browser
  • [Lamping et al. , 1995] John Lamping, Ramana Rao, and Peter Pirolli. A focus+context technique based on hyperbolic geometry for visualizing large hierarchies. In Proc. CHI’95, pages 401–408 (Denver, Colorado, May 1995), ACM. 1995.
  • Hyperbolic trees
• H3 Browser
  • [Munzner , 1997] Tamara Munzner. H3: Laying out large directed graphs in 3d hyperbolic space. In Proc. IEEE InfoVis’97, pages 2–10 (Phoenix, Arizona, October 1997), IEEE Computer Society. http://graphics.stanford.edu/papers/h3/, 1997.
• Cone Trees
  • [Robertson et al. , 1991] George G. Robertson, Jock D. Mackinlay, and Stuart K. Card. Cone trees: Animated 3D visualizations of hierarchical information. In Proc. CHI’91, pages 189–194 (New Orleans, Louisiana, May 1991), ACM. 1991.
• File System Navigator
  • Steven L. Strasnick and Joel D. Tesler. Method and apparatus for displaying data within a threedimensional information landscape. US Patent 5528735 , Silicon Graphics, Inc., June 1996. Filed 23rd March 1993, issued 18th June 1996.
  • [Tesler et al. , 1992] Joel D. Tesler and Steven L. Strasnick. Fsn: The 3d file system navigator. Silicon Graphics, Inc., 1992.
  • [Thomas et al. , 2001] Jim Thomas, Paula Cowley, Olga Kuchar, Lucy Nowell, Judi Thomson, Pak Chung Wong. Discovering Knowledge Through Visual Analysis, j-jucs, 7(6):517-529. http://www.jucs.org/jucs_7_6/discovering_knowledge_through_visual, 2001.
  • 3D File System Navigator for IRIX 4.0.1
• CyberGeo Maps
  • [Skog et al. , 2000] Tobias Skog and Lars Erik Holmquist. Continuous visualization of web site activity in a public place. In Student Poster, CHI 2000 Extended Abstracts (The Hague, The Netherlands, April 2000). 2000.
  • [Holmquist et al. , 1998]Lars Erik Holmquist, Henrik Fagrell, and Roberto Busso. Navigating cyberspace with cybergeo maps. In Proc. of Information Systems Research Seminar in Scandinavia (IRIS 21) (Saeby, Denmark, August 1998). 1998.

Integrated Approaches

• Information Pyramids
  • [Andrews et al. , 1997]Keith Andrews, Josef Wolte, and Michael Pichler. Information pyramids: A new approach to visualising large hierarchies. In IEEE Visualization’97, Late Breaking Hot Topics Proc., pages 49–52 (Phoenix, Arizona, October 1997). 1997.
• WebMap´s InternetMap
  • WebMap. WebMap, 2002.
  • Michael Iron, Roi Neustedt, and Ohad Ranen. Method of graphically presenting network information. US Patent Application 20010035885A1, WebMap, November 2001. Filed 20th March 2001.

References

• [Granitzer et al. , 2004] Michael Granitzer, Wolfgang Kienreich, Vedran Sabol, Keith Andrews, and Werner Klieber. Evaluating a System for Interactive Exploration of Large, Hierarchically Structured Document Repositories. In Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on information Visualization (infovis'04), Volume 00 (October 10 - 12, 2004). INFOVIS. IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, 127-134. DOI= http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/INFOVIS.2004.19, 2004.

Further Information

• [Andrews , 2006] Keith Andrews. Evaluating information visualisations. In Proceedings of the 2006 AVI Workshop on Beyond Time and Errors: Novel Evaluation Methods For information Visualization (Venice, Italy, May 23 - 23, 2006), BELIV '06. ACM Press, New York, NY, 1-5. DOI= http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1168149.1168151, 2006.

• [Andrews , 2002] Keith Andrews, Wolfgang, Vedran Sabol, J. Becker, G. Droschl, F. Kappe, Michael Granitzer, P. Auer, and K. Tochtermann. The InfoSky visual explorer: exploiting hierarchical structure and document similarities. Information Visualization 1, 3/4 (Dec. 2002), 166-181. DOI= http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.ivs.9500023, 2002.