Teaching:TUW - UE InfoVis WS 2008/09 - Gruppe 09 - Aufgabe 1 - Types of Data (quantitative vs. qualitative): Difference between revisions

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{{Quotation | All research ultimately has a qualitative grounding | [Donald Campbell] }}{{Quotation | There's no such thing as qualitative data. Everything is either 1 or 0 | [Fred Kerlinger] }}
==Definition==
===Qualitative Data===
{{Quotation | The term qualitative is used to describe certain types of information. Qualitative data are described in terms of quality (that is, 'informal' or relative characteristics such as warmth and flavour). This is the converse of quantitative, which more precisely describes data in terms of quantity and often using a numerical figure to represent something in a statement.| Wikipedia, Nov 2008 }}






You can distinct between two types of (collecting) data: ''quantitative data'' and ''qualitative data''
===Quantitative Data===
{{Quotation | [...] Quantitative data is data measured or identified on a numerical scale. Numerical data can be analysed using statistical methods, and results can be displayed using tables, charts, histograms and graphs. For example, a researcher will ask questions to a participant that include words how often, how many or percentage. The answers of the questions will be numerical. [...] After the data is collected the researcher will make an analysis of the quantitative data and produce statistics.| Wikipedia, Nov 2008 }}
<br>
Additionally, quantitative data can be divided into ''discrete'' and ''continuous'' data.<br/><br/>
'''Discrete Data'''<br/>


=Main points=
They can take specific numeric values. For Example: shoe size, age,...<br/><br/>
===Qualitative===
*Qualitative research involves analysis of data such as words (e.g., from interviews), pictures (e.g., video), or objects (e.g., an artifact).
*Data can be observed but not measured.


'''Continuous Data'''<br/>
They can take any numerical value. For Example: weigth, width,...<br/>
----
==Qualitative Research==
Qualitative research is used when the goal is a complete and detailed description of the subject. The data is not presented in form of numbers an statistics as in quantitative data, but in the form of words, pictures and objects. Contrary to quantitative methods it is much more subjective, because the observations which are made during a research are strongly dependent on the researcher's interpretation.<br>
In most cases qualitative methods aim to gather an in-depth understanding of human behavior and the causes that affect human behavior. There are many different ways of doing qualitative research: Qualitative data can e.g. be gained through
*in-depth interviews with persons or groups
*direct observation
*referring to existing written papers.
[[image:689px-Piecharts.svg.png|thumb|[Wikipedia, 2004] This figure shows quantitative data represented in different ways]]
==Quantitative Research==
Quantitative research is done by systematically collecting and analyzing numerical data concerning the subject. The researcher has to know clearly in advance what he/she is looking for, i.e. all aspects of the study have to be carefully designed before the data is collected. Based on the collected quantitative data statistical models can be constructed or hypotheses can be developed. One advantage of quantitative research is, that it tends to stay more objective than qualitative research. But because quantitative methods are only supplied with numerical data, the results often lack details.<br>
Quantitative research is widely used in both, natural and social sciences.


'''whereas'''


===Quantitative===
*Quantitative research involves analysis of numerical data.
*Data which can be measured.




----
=More=
===some more detailed features of===
<table>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right:15px;">
'''Qualitative data'''
*Researcher tends to become subjectively immersed in the subject matter.
*Qualitative data is more 'rich', time consuming, and less able to be generalized.
*Researcher is the data gathering instrument.
*Researcher may only know roughly in advance what he/she is looking for.
</td>
<td style="padding-right:30px;>'''<big>    vs.        </big>'''</td>
<td style="padding-left:30px;">
'''Quantitative data'''
*Researcher tends to remain objectively separated from the subject matter.
*Quantitative data is more efficient, able to test hypotheses, but may miss contextual detail.
*Researcher uses tools, such as questionnaires or equipment to collect numerical data.
*Researcher knows clearly in advance what he/she is looking for.
</td>
</tr>
</table>
----
----


===Example: Oil Painting===
==Example: Qualitative Data vs. Quantitative Data==
In this example the difference between qualitative and quantitative data is shown. Each bullet point describes a certain attribute of a freshman class. On the left side you can see some qualitative data of the class. Obviously this data can only be gained through a close and continuous observation of the class. On the right side quantitative data of the class is shown. It contains purely numerical and statistical data.
<table>
<table>
<tr>
<tr>
Line 48: Line 41:
'''Qualitative data:'''
'''Qualitative data:'''


*blue/green color, gold frame
*friendly demeanors
 
*smells old and musty


*texture shows brush strokes of oil paint
*civic minded


*peaceful scene of the country
*environmentalists


*masterful brush strokes
*positive school spirit
  </td>
  </td>
  <td>
  <td>
'''Quantitative data:'''
'''Quantitative data:'''


*picture is 10" by 14"
*672 students


*with frame 14" by 18"
*394 girls, 278 boys


*weighs 8.5 pounds
*68% on honor roll


*surface area of painting is 140 sq. in.
*150 students accelerated in mathematics
 
*cost $300
  </td>
  </td>
</tr>
</tr>
</table>
</table>
<br><br>
----


===Example for quantitative data:===
[[Image:Confpress.JPG| qualitative data]]


===References===


[James Neill] Qualitative versus Quantitative Research:
==References==
Key Points in a Classic Debate, http://wilderdom.com/research/QualitativeVersusQuantitativeResearch.html<br>
*[Neill, 2007] James Neill. Qualitative versus Quantitative Research: Key Points in a Classic Debate. Created at: February 28, 2007. Retrieved at: November 24, 2008. http://wilderdom.com/research/QualitativeVersusQuantitativeResearch.html.
[Donna Roberts] Qualitative vs Quantitative Data, http://www.regentsprep.org/Regents/math/ALGEBRA/AD1/qualquant.htm
*[Roberts, 1999] Donna Roberts. Qualitative vs Quantitative Data. Oswego City School District Regents Exam Prep Center. Created at: 1999. Retrieved at: November 24, 2008. http://www.regentsprep.org/Regents/math/ALGEBRA/AD1/qualquant.htm.
*[Wikipedia, 2006] Crissyd. Numerical data. Created at: February 22, 2006. Retrieved at: November 24, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_data.
*[Wikipedia, 2003] 62.151.154.241. Qualitative data. Created at: August 8, 2003. Retrieved at: November 24, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualitative_data.
*[Wikipedia, 2003] Sheldon Rampton. Quantitative research. Created at: December 05, 2003. Retrieved at: November 24, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_research.
*[Wikipedia, 2003] Trontonian. Qualitative research. Created at: November 18, 2003. Retrieved at: November 24, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualitative_research.
*[Wikipedia, 2004] Chmod007. Pie Chart. Created at: June 15, 2004. Retrieved at: November 26, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pie_chart
*[Reynolds, 2001] A. J. Reynolds. Types of Data. Centre for Innovation in Mathematics Teaching.  Created at: January, 2001. http://www.cimt.plymouth.ac.uk/projects/mepres/book7/bk7i11/bk7_11i1.htm.
*[Trochim, 2006] William M. K. Trochim. Types of Data. Research Methods Knowledge Base. Created at: October 20, 2006. Visited at: November 03, 2009. http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/datatype.php.

Latest revision as of 21:12, 3 November 2009

Definition[edit]

Qualitative Data[edit]

The term qualitative is used to describe certain types of information. Qualitative data are described in terms of quality (that is, 'informal' or relative characteristics such as warmth and flavour). This is the converse of quantitative, which more precisely describes data in terms of quantity and often using a numerical figure to represent something in a statement.
Wikipedia, Nov 2008



Quantitative Data[edit]

[...] Quantitative data is data measured or identified on a numerical scale. Numerical data can be analysed using statistical methods, and results can be displayed using tables, charts, histograms and graphs. For example, a researcher will ask questions to a participant that include words how often, how many or percentage. The answers of the questions will be numerical. [...] After the data is collected the researcher will make an analysis of the quantitative data and produce statistics.
Wikipedia, Nov 2008



Additionally, quantitative data can be divided into discrete and continuous data.

Discrete Data

They can take specific numeric values. For Example: shoe size, age,...

Continuous Data
They can take any numerical value. For Example: weigth, width,...

Qualitative Research[edit]

Qualitative research is used when the goal is a complete and detailed description of the subject. The data is not presented in form of numbers an statistics as in quantitative data, but in the form of words, pictures and objects. Contrary to quantitative methods it is much more subjective, because the observations which are made during a research are strongly dependent on the researcher's interpretation.
In most cases qualitative methods aim to gather an in-depth understanding of human behavior and the causes that affect human behavior. There are many different ways of doing qualitative research: Qualitative data can e.g. be gained through

  • in-depth interviews with persons or groups
  • direct observation
  • referring to existing written papers.
[Wikipedia, 2004] This figure shows quantitative data represented in different ways

Quantitative Research[edit]

Quantitative research is done by systematically collecting and analyzing numerical data concerning the subject. The researcher has to know clearly in advance what he/she is looking for, i.e. all aspects of the study have to be carefully designed before the data is collected. Based on the collected quantitative data statistical models can be constructed or hypotheses can be developed. One advantage of quantitative research is, that it tends to stay more objective than qualitative research. But because quantitative methods are only supplied with numerical data, the results often lack details.
Quantitative research is widely used in both, natural and social sciences.



Example: Qualitative Data vs. Quantitative Data[edit]

In this example the difference between qualitative and quantitative data is shown. Each bullet point describes a certain attribute of a freshman class. On the left side you can see some qualitative data of the class. Obviously this data can only be gained through a close and continuous observation of the class. On the right side quantitative data of the class is shown. It contains purely numerical and statistical data.

Qualitative data:

  • friendly demeanors
  • civic minded
  • environmentalists
  • positive school spirit

Quantitative data:

  • 672 students
  • 394 girls, 278 boys
  • 68% on honor roll
  • 150 students accelerated in mathematics




References[edit]

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