Teaching:TUW - UE InfoVis WS 2009/10 - Gruppe G12 - Aufgabe 1 - Color space

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Color

Color is the perceptual result of light in the visible region of the spectrum, having wavelengths in the region of 400 nm to 700 nm, incident upon the retina.
[Poynton, 1999]


Light is electromagnetic radiation with wavelength between 380 nm = blue and 780 nm = red.
Unit 1 nm = 1 billionth of a meter.

The complexity of all kinds of different color mixtures was substantially simplified in 1931 by Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage CIE, who defined a two-dimensional, horseshoe-like color space, that allows easy definition and description of color mixtures. The edge of the horseshoe includes all the pure spectral colors. The inside region contains the mixtures.
The human visual perception is too complex to be quantified in a more than approximate manner. One practical approach is to define 2,3 or more spectral colors and create mixed colors by adjusting the relative proportions of the said spectral colors and colorless (i.e. white/black) component,. Or one defines first the mixed color, quantifies first its colorless (brightness/darkness) component and then codes the color information as deviation in the direction of 2, 3 or more spectral colors. Typical examples would be the RGB and YIQ systems respectively. [Miszalok and Smolej, 2001]

Color Coding

The typical human eye can distinguish over 10,000 different colors. We use color everyday to identify, classify and determine the state of objects around us. In addition to natural colors, we use color codes for displaying color on the Computer. That is what Color Coding is used for.
[Sahler, 2005]


Models for Color Coding

RGB

3D-vector space of the RGB-color model

The RGB color model is an additive color model, forming its gamut from various mixtures of the primary additive colors red, green and blue. The main idea behind the RGB color model is the human perception of color, furthermore the trichromatic theory which states that there are three types of cones, which are referred to as L, M, and S cones (long, middle and short wavelength sensitivity), approximately sensitive to the red, green and blue region of the visible spectrum.

The main purpose of the RGB color model is the sensing and reproduction of color on electronic devices such as computers, televisions. Typical RGB input devices are color TV and video cameras, image scanners, and digital cameras

 

CMY

An active image display must fill its dark surface with light, i.e. combine the red, green and blue components into the final colors. When all three primary colors are added in equal proportions, a white color results. A printer creates the colors the opposite way: it must create colors by eliminating - i..e. subtracting - the red, green and blue colors from the white paper background. By subtracting equal proportions of the primary colors a black color can be created. To achieve this one needs Cyan, Magenta and Yellow, colors which are complementary to RGB. The resulting CMY model is a straightforward complement of the RGB-Modell. The conversion from RGB into CMY is given by the following equations: C = 255 - R; M = 255 - G; Y = 255 - B [Miszalok and Smolej, 2001]


3D-vector space of the CMY-color model
CMY Image

YIQ and YUV

In TV broadcasting the color is for all practical purposes an addition to the black and white information, provided by the so-called Y-signal: Y = g1*R+ g2*G + g3*B where g1+g2+g3 = 1.0. Two additional low-bandwidth signal pathways transport the color information in a form of weighted difference between the real signal and the Y component.

YIQ: is used in color TV norm NTSC (America and Japan).

YUV: is used in the PAL colorTV norm (Europe, Africa, Asia except for Japan, Australia) and in digital video. YUV uses similar signals as YIQ (with different weights, however, and using a coordinate system, rotated 33 degrees) but with a higher bandwidth and correspondingly higher quality. [Miszalok and Smolej, 2001]

HSL and HSV

HSV and HSL Colorspaces

HSL and HSV are color models wich describe the color relationships better than RGB. HSL stands for hue, saturation and lightness while HSV stands for hue, saturation and value. These color models reflect the human color vision better than the RGB, CMY, YUV and YIQ models, which are targeted primarily for hardware applications.

The color space of HSL and HSV can be thought of cylinders. Each point in this cylinder describes a color.

The three coordinates H, L and S of this system can be easily visualized as follows: Pure colors are found at the outer border of a horizontal color circle. The hue can be interpreted as the polar angle, going from red (0 degrees), green (120), blue (240) back to red. The closer to the center of the circle the higher the proportion of the white color. The center of the circle is colorless white. Below this level other color circles are positioned in a cylindrical fashion. The lower they are, the darker they get.

Bibliography

  • [Marko Tkalčič, 2003] Marko Tkalčič. Colour spaces - perceptual, historical and applicational background. 2003,