Task

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There are a number of different task taxonomies in InfoVis at different levels of granularity.

Task Taxonomy of Relational Information Displays

by: [Zhang, 1996] based on [Carswell and Wickens, 1988]

There are three major types of display tasks:

  • information retrieval
  • comparison
  • information integration

High-level tasks / purposes / goals of Visualization

Sources: [Schumann and Müller, 2000], [Keim et al., 2006]

On the interplay between task and representation

Thus, although there are no best displays that are efficient for all types of tasks, there is a correct or incorrect mapping between the representation of a display and the structure of a task.
[Zhang, 1996]


When a RID [Relational Information Display] has necessary and sufficient information for a task, the mapping between the display and the task is perfect. For example, length is a good representation for ratio comparison tasks because length is on a ratio scale and ratio comparison tasks require ratio scales.
[Zhang, 1996]


Analytic Gaps and Knowledge Tasks

Source: [Amar and Stasko, 2004]

Analytic Gaps

  • The Rationale Gap: No “Black Boxes”
We define the Rationale Gap as the gap between perceiving a relationship and actually being able to explain confidence in that relationship and the usefulness of that relationship.
[Amar and Stasko, 2004]


  • The Worldview Gap: Show The Wider Perspective
We define the Worldview Gap as the gap between what is being shown and what actually needs to be shown to draw a straightforward representational conclusion for making a decision.
[Amar and Stasko, 2004]


Knowledge Tasks

  • Rationale-Based Tasks
    1. Expose Uncertainty
    2. Concretize Relationships
    3. Formulate Cause And Effect
  • Worldview-Based Tasks
    1. Determination Of Domain Parameters
    2. Multivariate Explanation
    3. Confirm Hypotheses

Analytic Task Taxonomy

Source: [Amar et al., 2005]

  • Retrieve Value
  • Filter
  • Compute Derived Value
  • Find Extremum
  • Sort
  • Determine Range
  • Characterize Distribution
  • Find Anomalies
  • Cluster
  • Correlate

Action Taxonomy

Source: [Gotz and Zhou, 2009]

Exploration Actions

  • Data Exploration Actions
    • Filter
    • Inspect
    • Query
    • Restore
  • Visual Exploration Actions
    • Brush
    • Change-Metaphor
    • Change-Range
      • Zoom
      • Pan
    • Merge
    • Sort
    • Split

Insight Actions

  • Visual Insight Actions
    • Annotate
    • Bookmark
  • Knowledge Insight Actions
    • Create
    • Modify
    • Remove

Meta Actions

  • Delete
  • Edit
  • Redo
  • Revisit
  • Undo


References

  • [Amar and Stasko, 2004] R. Amar and J. Stasko, "A knowledge task-based framework for design and evaluation of information visualizations," in the IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization (INFOVIS'04). IEEE Computer Society, 2004, pp. 143-150. [Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/INFOVIS.2004.10
  • [Amar et al., 2005] R. Amar, J. Eagan, and J. Stasko, "Low-level components of analytic activity in information visualization," in 2005 IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization (INFOVIS'05), 2005, pp. 15+. [Online]. Available: http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/INFOVIS.2005.24
  • [Carswell and Wickens, 1988] Carswell, C. M. & Wickens, C. D. (1988). Comparative graphics: History and applications of perceptual integrality theory and the proximity compatibility hypothesis (TR ARL-88-2/AHEL-88-1). Aviation Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
  • [Gotz and Zhou, 2009] D. Gotz and M. X. Zhou, "Characterizing users visual analytic activity for insight provenance," Information Visualization, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 42-55, 2009. [Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/ivs.2008.31
  • [Keim et al., 2006] Keim, D.A.; Mansmann, F. and Schneidewind, J. and Ziegler, H., Challenges in Visual Data Analysis, Proceedings of Information Visualization (IV 2006), IEEE, p. 9-16, 2006.
  • [Schumann and Müller, 2000] Heidrun Schumann and Wolfgang Müller, Visualisierung - Grundlagen und allgemeine Methoden. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2000.
  • [Zhang, 1996] Zhang, J. 1996. A representational analysis of relational information displays. Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Stud. 45, 1 (Jul. 1996), 59-74. DOI= http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/ijhc.1996.0042